C++前端中的自动梯度¶
Created On: Apr 01, 2020 | Last Updated: Jan 21, 2025 | Last Verified: Not Verified
``autograd``包对于在PyTorch中构建高度灵活和动态的神经网络至关重要。PyTorch Python前端中的大多数自动梯度API也可以在C++前端中使用,从而简化了将自动梯度代码从Python转换为C++的过程。
在本教程中,探索了如何在PyTorch C++前端进行自动梯度计算的一些示例。请注意,本教程假定您已经对Python前端中的自动梯度有了基本的理解。如果没有,请先阅读`自动梯度:自动微分 <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/autograd_tutorial.html>`_。
基本自动梯度操作¶
(改编自`本教程 <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/autograd_tutorial.html#autograd-automatic-differentiation>`_)
创建一个张量并设置``torch::requires_grad()``以跟踪其计算
auto x = torch::ones({2, 2}, torch::requires_grad());
std::cout << x << std::endl;
输出:
1 1
1 1
[ CPUFloatType{2,2} ]
执行一个张量操作:
auto y = x + 2;
std::cout << y << std::endl;
输出:
3 3
3 3
[ CPUFloatType{2,2} ]
由于``y``是由操作生成的,因此它有一个``grad_fn``。
std::cout << y.grad_fn()->name() << std::endl;
输出:
AddBackward1
对``y``进行更多操作
auto z = y * y * 3;
auto out = z.mean();
std::cout << z << std::endl;
std::cout << z.grad_fn()->name() << std::endl;
std::cout << out << std::endl;
std::cout << out.grad_fn()->name() << std::endl;
输出:
27 27
27 27
[ CPUFloatType{2,2} ]
MulBackward1
27
[ CPUFloatType{} ]
MeanBackward0
``.requires_grad_(…)``就地更改现有张量的``requires_grad``标志。
auto a = torch::randn({2, 2});
a = ((a * 3) / (a - 1));
std::cout << a.requires_grad() << std::endl;
a.requires_grad_(true);
std::cout << a.requires_grad() << std::endl;
auto b = (a * a).sum();
std::cout << b.grad_fn()->name() << std::endl;
输出:
false
true
SumBackward0
现在让我们反向传播。由于``out``包含单个标量,out.backward()``相当于``out.backward(torch::tensor(1.))
。
out.backward();
打印梯度d(out)/dx
std::cout << x.grad() << std::endl;
输出:
4.5000 4.5000
4.5000 4.5000
[ CPUFloatType{2,2} ]
您应该得到一个``4.5``的矩阵。有关于如何得出此值的解释,请参阅`教程中的相应部分 <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/autograd_tutorial.html#gradients>`_。
现在让我们来看一个向量-雅可比矩阵积的示例:
x = torch::randn(3, torch::requires_grad());
y = x * 2;
while (y.norm().item<double>() < 1000) {
y = y * 2;
}
std::cout << y << std::endl;
std::cout << y.grad_fn()->name() << std::endl;
输出:
-1021.4020
314.6695
-613.4944
[ CPUFloatType{3} ]
MulBackward1
如果我们想要向量-雅可比矩阵积,就将向量作为参数传递给``backward``:
auto v = torch::tensor({0.1, 1.0, 0.0001}, torch::kFloat);
y.backward(v);
std::cout << x.grad() << std::endl;
输出:
102.4000
1024.0000
0.1024
[ CPUFloatType{3} ]
您还可以通过将``torch::NoGradGuard``放置在代码块中来停止自动梯度在需要梯度的张量上跟踪历史记录。
std::cout << x.requires_grad() << std::endl;
std::cout << x.pow(2).requires_grad() << std::endl;
{
torch::NoGradGuard no_grad;
std::cout << x.pow(2).requires_grad() << std::endl;
}
输出:
true
true
false
或者通过使用``.detach()``获取一个具有相同内容但不需要梯度的新张量:
std::cout << x.requires_grad() << std::endl;
y = x.detach();
std::cout << y.requires_grad() << std::endl;
std::cout << x.eq(y).all().item<bool>() << std::endl;
输出:
true
false
true
有关C++张量自动梯度API的更多信息,例如``grad`` / requires_grad
/ is_leaf
/ backward
/ detach
/ detach_
/ register_hook
/ retain_grad
,请参阅`相应的C++ API文档 <https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/classat_1_1_tensor.html>`_。
在C++中计算高阶梯度¶
高阶梯度的一个应用是计算梯度惩罚。以下是使用``torch::autograd::grad``的示例:
#include <torch/torch.h>
auto model = torch::nn::Linear(4, 3);
auto input = torch::randn({3, 4}).requires_grad_(true);
auto output = model(input);
// Calculate loss
auto target = torch::randn({3, 3});
auto loss = torch::nn::MSELoss()(output, target);
// Use norm of gradients as penalty
auto grad_output = torch::ones_like(output);
auto gradient = torch::autograd::grad({output}, {input}, /*grad_outputs=*/{grad_output}, /*create_graph=*/true)[0];
auto gradient_penalty = torch::pow((gradient.norm(2, /*dim=*/1) - 1), 2).mean();
// Add gradient penalty to loss
auto combined_loss = loss + gradient_penalty;
combined_loss.backward();
std::cout << input.grad() << std::endl;
输出:
-0.1042 -0.0638 0.0103 0.0723
-0.2543 -0.1222 0.0071 0.0814
-0.1683 -0.1052 0.0355 0.1024
[ CPUFloatType{3,4} ]
Please see the documentation for torch::autograd::backward
(link)
and torch::autograd::grad
(link)
for more information on how to use them.
在C++中使用自定义自动梯度函数¶
(改编自`本教程 <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/extending.html#extending-torch-autograd>`_)
向``torch::autograd``添加新的基本操作需要为每个操作实现一个新的``torch::autograd::Function``子类。torch::autograd::Function``用于计算结果和梯度并编码操作历史。每个新函数需要实现2个方法:``forward``和``backward
,更多详细要求请参阅`此链接 <https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/structtorch_1_1autograd_1_1_function.html>`_。
以下是``torch::nn``中``Linear``函数的代码:
#include <torch/torch.h>
using namespace torch::autograd;
// Inherit from Function
class LinearFunction : public Function<LinearFunction> {
public:
// Note that both forward and backward are static functions
// bias is an optional argument
static torch::Tensor forward(
AutogradContext *ctx, torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias = torch::Tensor()) {
ctx->save_for_backward({input, weight, bias});
auto output = input.mm(weight.t());
if (bias.defined()) {
output += bias.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(output);
}
return output;
}
static tensor_list backward(AutogradContext *ctx, tensor_list grad_outputs) {
auto saved = ctx->get_saved_variables();
auto input = saved[0];
auto weight = saved[1];
auto bias = saved[2];
auto grad_output = grad_outputs[0];
auto grad_input = grad_output.mm(weight);
auto grad_weight = grad_output.t().mm(input);
auto grad_bias = torch::Tensor();
if (bias.defined()) {
grad_bias = grad_output.sum(0);
}
return {grad_input, grad_weight, grad_bias};
}
};
然后,我们可以按以下方式使用``LinearFunction``:
auto x = torch::randn({2, 3}).requires_grad_();
auto weight = torch::randn({4, 3}).requires_grad_();
auto y = LinearFunction::apply(x, weight);
y.sum().backward();
std::cout << x.grad() << std::endl;
std::cout << weight.grad() << std::endl;
输出:
0.5314 1.2807 1.4864
0.5314 1.2807 1.4864
[ CPUFloatType{2,3} ]
3.7608 0.9101 0.0073
3.7608 0.9101 0.0073
3.7608 0.9101 0.0073
3.7608 0.9101 0.0073
[ CPUFloatType{4,3} ]
这里,我们给出了一个按非张量参数化函数的额外示例:
#include <torch/torch.h>
using namespace torch::autograd;
class MulConstant : public Function<MulConstant> {
public:
static torch::Tensor forward(AutogradContext *ctx, torch::Tensor tensor, double constant) {
// ctx is a context object that can be used to stash information
// for backward computation
ctx->saved_data["constant"] = constant;
return tensor * constant;
}
static tensor_list backward(AutogradContext *ctx, tensor_list grad_outputs) {
// We return as many input gradients as there were arguments.
// Gradients of non-tensor arguments to forward must be `torch::Tensor()`.
return {grad_outputs[0] * ctx->saved_data["constant"].toDouble(), torch::Tensor()};
}
};
然后,我们可以按以下方式使用``MulConstant``:
auto x = torch::randn({2}).requires_grad_();
auto y = MulConstant::apply(x, 5.5);
y.sum().backward();
std::cout << x.grad() << std::endl;
输出:
5.5000
5.5000
[ CPUFloatType{2} ]
有关``torch::autograd::Function``的更多信息,请参阅`其文档 <https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/structtorch_1_1autograd_1_1_function.html>`_。
将自动梯度代码从Python翻译到C++¶
从高层次看,在C++中使用自动梯度最简单的方法是首先在Python中实现有效的自动梯度代码,然后按照以下表格将您的Python代码翻译为C++:
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翻译后,大多数Python自动梯度代码在C++中应当能够正常工作。如果无法正常工作,请通过`GitHub问题 <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues>`_提交错误报告,我们将尽快修复。
总结¶
您现在应该对PyTorch C++自动梯度API有了良好的概览。可以通过`这里 <https://github.com/pytorch/examples/tree/master/cpp/autograd>`_找到本笔记中显示的代码示例。如果遇到任何问题或有疑问,您可以使用我们的`论坛 <https://discuss.pytorch.org/>`_或`GitHub问题 <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues>`_与我们联系。